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take in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other accustoms, debate great deal (disambiguation). Smoke from a bee sensr, employ inbeekeeping the mess of ruin referable west in a brightness levelbulb Smoke is a collection of argumentborne solid and luculent particulates and gasesl emitted when a material infragoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of tenor that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.It is normally an unwanted by- product of excites (including stoves, tooshiedles, oil color lamps, and lightingplaces), exclusively whitethorn as well be employ for pest mode footstep (fumigation), communication ( tummy signals), defensive and ffensive capabilities in the military (smo great power-screen), coo force ( grassd salmon), or consume (tobacco, potbellynabis, etc. ). Smoke is used in rituals, when incense, sage, or resin is burn to produce a smell for spiritual purposes. Smoke is sometimes used as a flavoring agent, and pr eservative for various foodstuffs.Smoke is also a component of internal combustion engine exhaust gas, particularly diesel exhaust. Smoke inhalation is the primary author of death in victims of indoor(prenominal) eruptions. The potful kills by a conclave of thermal damage, poisoning andpulmonary annoying cased y carbon monoxide, heat content cyanide and other combustion products. Smoke particles be an aerosol (or mist) of solid particles and liquid droplets that atomic number 18 close to the exemplar range of size of its for Mie scattering of visible light.This effect has been likened to three-dimensional textured screen glasscitation needed a spate cloud does not obstruct an image, but safe scrambles it. Contents hide 1 Chemical composition 1. 1 Visible and infrared particles of combustion 2 Dangers of git 2. 1 Smoke wearing 3 Secondhand smoke inhalation 4 Measurement of smoke 5 Medicinal smoke 6 See also 7 References foreign links Chemical compositionedit Th is section needs additional citations for verification. Please help oneself improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. April 2011) The composition of smoke depends on the nature of the burn at a high temperature and with small amount of smoke produced the particles are closelyly still of modify, or with large temperature differences, of condensed aerosol of urine. High temperature also leads to production of north oxides. Sulfur content government issues sulfur dioxide, or in case of uncompleted combustion, heat content sulfide. Carbon and hydrogen are almost completely oxidise to carbon dioxide and water. Fires burning with lack of oxygen produce a importantly panopticr palette of compounds, many of them cyanogenetic.Partial oxidisation of carbon produces carbon monoxide, nitrogen- containing materials potful yield hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides. Hydrogen gas brush a array be produc ed alternatively of water. Content of halogens such as chlorine (e. g. in polyvinyl chloride or brominated flare out retardants) may lead to production of e. g. hydrogen chloride, phosgene,dioxin, and chloromethane, bromomethane and other halocarbons. Hydrogen fluoride tail assembly e phase angle from fluorocarbons, whether fluoropolymers subjected to fire or halocarbon fire suppression agents. 2 daystar and antimony oxides and their reaction products rotter be organise from some fire retardant additives, increasing smoke toxicity and corrosivity. Pyrolysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), e. g. from burning older transformer oil, and to demoralize degree also of other chlorine-containing materials, mass produce a impregnable carcinogen, and other polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. Pyrolysis of fluoropolymers, e. g. teflon, in presence of oxygen yields carbonyl fluoride (which hydrolyzes readily to HF and C02) ther compounds may be formed as well, e. g. arbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoropropylene, and highly toxic perfluoroisobutene emission of soot from a large dieseltruck, without particle filters. Pyrolysis of burning material, specially fractional combustion or smoldering without adequate oxygen supply, also results in production of a large amount of hydrocarbons, both aliphatic (methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene) and evocative (benzene and its derivates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons e. g. benzoapyrene, studied as a carcinogen, or retene), terpenes. Heterocyclic compounds may be also pass on.Heavier hydrocarbons may condense as tar smoke with signifi poopt tar content is yel poor to brown. Presence of such smoke, soot, and/or brown oily deposits during a fire indicates a possible wild situation, as the atmosphere may be saturated with combustible pyrolysis products with soaking up above the upper flammability limit, and sudden inrush of air support cause flashover or backdraft. Presence of sulfur can lead to formation of e. g. hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, and thiols especially thiols hunt to get adsorbed on surfaces and produce a ingering odor raze long afterwards the fire.Partial oxidation of the released hydrocarbons yields in a wide palette of other compounds aldehydes (e. g. formaldehyde, acrolein, and furfural), ketones, alcohols (often aromatic, e. g. phenol, guaiacol, syringol, catechol, and cresols), carboxylic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, etc. ). The visible particulate matter in such smokes is most commonly composed of carbon (soot). Other particulates may be composed of drops of condensed tar, or solid particles of ash. The presence of alloys in the fuel yields e. g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, or sodium chloride.Inorganic salts empower on the surface of the soot particles may make themhydrophilic. Many organic compounds, typically the aromatic hydrocarbons, may be also adsorbed on the surface of the solid particles. Metal oxides can be present w hen metal-containing fuels are burned, e. g. solid rocket fuels containing aluminium. Depleted uranium projectiles after impacting the target ignite, producing particles of uranium oxides. Magnetic particles, spherules of magnetite-like ferrous ferric oxide, are present in coal smoke their ontogeny in deposits after 1860 tag the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. (Magnetic urge on oxide nanoparticles can be also produced in the smoke from meteorites burning in the atmosphere. ) 5 Magnetic remanence, recorded in the iron oxide particles, indicates the strength of Earths magnetic field when they were cooled beyond their Curie temperature this can be used to distinguish magnetic particles of terrestrial and meteoric origin. 6 Fly ash is composed mainly of silicaand calcium oxide. Cenospheres are present in smoke from liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Minute metal particles produced by abrasion can be present in engine smokes.Amorphous silica particles are present n smokes from burning silicones small proportion of silicon nitride particles can be formed in fires with insufficient oxygen. The silica particles energise about 10 nm size, clumped to 70-100 nm aggregates and further agglomerated to chains. 3 Radio vigorous particles may be present due to traces of uranium, thorium, or other radionuclides in the fuel hot particles can be present in case of fires during thermonuclear accidents (e. g. Chernobyl disaster) or nuclear war. Smoke particulates have three modes of particle size distribution nuclei mode, with geometric mean radius amidst 2. 20 nm, likely forming by ejector seat of carbon moieties. accumulation mode, ranging between 75-250 nm and formed by curdling of nuclei mode particles coarse mode, with particles in micrometer range Most of the smoke material is primarily in coarse particles. Those undergo rapid run dry precipitation, and the smoke damage in much distant areas outside of the board where the fire occurs is therefore primarily mediat ed by the smaller particles. 7 vacuum bomb of particles beyond visible size is an former(a) indicator of materials in a preignition stage of a fire. 3 Burning of hydrogen-rich fuel produces water this esults in smoke containing droplets of water vapor. In absence of other color sources (nitrogen oxides, particulates ), such smoke is white and cloud-like. Smoke emissions may contain characteristic trace elements. pentad is present in emissions from oil fired power plants and refineries oil plants also emit some nickel. Coal combustionproduces emissions containing aluminium, arsenic, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, mercury, sel enium, and uranium. Traces of vanadium in high-temperature combustion products form droplets of molten vanadates.These attack the passivation layers on metals and ause high temperature corrosion, which is a concern especially for internal combustion engines. Molten sulfate and lead particulates also have such effect. Some components of smoke are characteristi c of the combustion source. Guaiacol and its derivatives are products of pyrolysis of lignin and are characteristic of wood smoke other markers aresyringol and derivates, and of forest fires. Levoglucosan is a pyrolysis product of cellulose. Hardwood vssoftwood smokes differ in the ratio of guaiacols/syringols.Markers for vehicle exhaust al small-scale polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, steranes, and specific nitroarenes (e. . I-nitropyrene). The ratio of hopanes and steranes to elemental carbon can be used to distinguish between emissions of gasoline and diesel engines. 8 Many compounds can be associated with particulates whether by organism adsorbed on their surfaces, or by being dissolved in liquid droplets. Hydrogen chloride is well negligent in the soot particles. 7 Inert particulate matter can be disturbed and entrained into the smoke. Of particular concern are particles of asbestos.Deposited hot particles of radioactive fallout and bioaccumulated radioisotopes can be reintroduced into the atmosphere y wildfires and forest fires this is a concern in e. g. the Zone of alienationcontaining contaminants from the Chernobyl disaster. Polymers are a significant source of smoke. Aromatic side groups, e. g. in polystyrene, enhance generation of smoke. Aromatic groups integrated in the polymer pillar produce less smoke, likely due to significant charring. Aliphatic polymers tend to generate the least smoke, and are non-self-extinguishing.However presence of additives can significantly increase smoke formation. phosphorus-based and halogen-based flare out retardants decrease production of smoke. Higher degree of cross-linking between the polymer chains has such effect too. 9 Visible and invisible particles of combustionedit Smoke from a wildfire Depending on particle size, smoke can be visible or invisible to the naked eye. This is best illustrated when toasting bread in a toaster. As the bread heats up, the products of combustion increase in size. Th e particles produced initially are invisible but become visible if the toast is burned or cooled rapidly.Smoke from a typical house fire contains hundreds of different chemicals and fumes. As a result, the damage aused by the smoke can often exceed that caused by the actual heat of the fire. In addition to the physical damage caused by the smoke of a fire which manifests itself in the form of stains is the often even harder to eliminate problem of a smoky odor. Just as there are contractors that specialize in rebuilding/repairing homes that have been change by fire and smoke, fabric restoration companies specialize in restoring fabrics that have been damaged in a fire.Dangers of smokeedit Smoke from oxygen-deprived fires contains a significant concentration of compounds that are flammable. A cloud of smoke, in contact with atmospheric oxygen, therefore has the capability of being ignited either by another open flame in the area, or by its own temperature. This leads to effects like backdraft and flashover. Smoke inhalation is also a danger of smoke that can cause serious injury and death. Many compounds of smoke from fires are highly toxic and/or irritating. The most dangerous is carbon monoxide leading to carbon monoxide poisoning, sometimes with the additive effects ofhydrogen cyanide and phosgene.Smoke inhalation can therefore pronto lead to incapacitation and loss of consciousness. Sulfur oxides, hydrogen chloride nd hydrogen fluoride in contact with moisture and materials. When asleep the nose does not sense smoke nor does the brain, but the body leave wake up if the lungs become enveloped in smoke and the brain go away be stimulated and the person will be awoken. This does not work if the person is incapacitated or under the influence of Drugs and/or alcohol Cigarette smoke is a major(ip) modifiable risk factor for lung disease, heart disease, and many cancers.Reduced visibleness due to wildfire smoke in Sheremetyevo airport (Moscow, Russia) 7 August 2010. Smoke can obscure visibility, impeding occupant exiting from fire areas. In fact, the poor visibility due to the smoke that was in the Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire in Worcester, Massachusetts was the exact reason why the trapped deli real firefighters couldnt evacuate the building in time. Because of the striking similarity that each bag shared, the dense smoke caused the firefighters to become disoriented. 10 Smoke corrosionedit Smoke contains a wide variety of chemicals, many of them aggressive in nature. Examples are hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid, produced fromhalogen- containing plastics and fire retardants, hydrofluoric acid released y pyrolysis of fluorocarbon fire suppression agents, sulfuric acid from burning of sulfur-containing materials, nitric acid from high-temperature fires where nitrous oxide gets formed, phosphoric acid and antimonycompounds from P and Sb based fire retardants, and many others.Such corrosion is not significant for mo rphologic materials, but delicate mental synthesiss, especially microelectronics, are strongly affected. Corrosion of roach board traces, penetration of aggressive chemicals through the casings of parts, and other effects can cause an immediate or gradual deterioration f parameters or even premature (and often delayed, as the corrosion can hop on over long time) failure of equipment subjected to smoke.Many smoke components are also electrically conductive deposition of a conductive layer on the circuits can cause crosstalks and other deteriorations of the operating parameters or even cause picayune circuits and total failures. Electrical contacts can be affected by corrosion of surfaces, and by deposition of soot and other conductive particles or nonconducting layers on or across the contacts. Deposited particles may adversely affect the erformance of optoelectronics by absorbing or scattering the light rays.Corrosivity of smoke produced by materials is characterized by the c orrosion index (C), defined as material loss rate (angstrom/minute) per amount of material gasified products (grams) per volume of air (m3). It is measured by exposing strips of metal to flow of combustion products in a test tunnel. Polymers containing halogen and hydrogen (polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins with halogenated additives, etc. ) have the highest Cl as the caustic acids are formed directly with water produced by the combustion, polymers containing halogen only (e. polytetrafluoroethylene) have trim back Cl as the formation of acid is limited to reactions with airborne humidity, and halogen-free materials (polyolefins, wood) have the final Cl. 7 However, some halogen-free materials can also release significant amount of corrosive products. 11 Smoke damage to electronic equipment can be significantly more extensive than the fire itself. Cable fires are of special concern low smoke zero halogen materials are any substance or structure, the chemicals contained in it are tra nsferred to it.The corrosive properties of the chemicals cause the substance or structure to analyse t a rapid rate. In some instances the chemicals are absorbed into the substance or structure that it comes into contact with, i. e. clothing, unsealed surfaces, potable water piping, wood, etc. , which is why in most cases dealing with a structure fire they are replaced. Secondhand smoke inhalationedit Secondhand smoke is the combination of both sidestream and mainstream smoke emissions. These emissions contain more than 50 carcinogenic chemicals.According to the operating surgeon Generals latest report on the subject, Short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause beginning platelets to become stickier, damage the lining f blood vessels, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart variability, potentially increasing the risk of a heart attack 12 The American crab louse Society lists heart disease, lung infections, increased asthma attacks, middle ear infections, an d low birth weight as ramifications of smokers emission 13 Measurement of smokeedit As early as the 1 5th Century Leonardo da Vinci commented at length on the difficulty of assessing smoke, and distinguished between black smoke (carbonized particles) and white smoke which is not a smoke at all but merely a suspension of harmless ater droplets. Smoke from heating appliances is commonly measured in one of the following ways In-line capture. A smoke type is simply sucked through a filter which is weighed before and after the test and the mass of smoke found. This is the simplest and probably the most precise order, but can only be used where the smoke concentration is slight, as the filter can quickly become blocked. Filter/dilution tunnel.A smoke sample is drawn through a tube where it is diluted with air, the resulting smoke/air mixture is then pulled through a filter and weighed. This is the nternationally recognized manner of measuring smoke from combustion. Electrostatic precip itation. The smoke is passed through an array of metal tubes which contain suspended wires. A (huge) electrical potential is applied across the tubes and wires so that the smoke particles become charged and are attracted to the sides of the tubes. This order can over-read by capturing harmless condensates, or under-read due to the insulating effect of the smoke. However, it is the necessary method for assessing volumes of smoke too great to be forced through a filter, i. . , from bituminous coal. 14 Ringelmann scale. A measure of smoke color. Invented by Professor Maximilian Ringelmann in Paris in 1888, it is essentially a card with squares of black, white and sunglasses of gray which is held up and the comparative grayness of the smoke Judged. Highly hooklike on light conditions and the skill of the observer it allocates a grayness heel from O (white) to 5 (black) which has only a passing relationship to the actual quantity of smoke. Nonetheless, the simplicity of the Ringelman n scale means that it has been adopted as a standard in many countries. Optical scattering. A light spear is passed through the smoke.A light detector is situated at an angle to the light source, typically at 900, so that it receives only light reflected from passing particles. A cadence is made of the light received which will be lower as the concentration of smoke particles becomes higher. Optical obscuration. A light beam is passed through the smoke and a detector opposite light will be measured. Combined optical methods. There are various proprietary optical smoke measurement devices such as the nephelometer or the aethalometer which use several different optical methods, including more than one wavelength of ight, inside a single instrument and apply an algorithm to give a good estimate of smoke. Inference from carbon monoxide.Smoke is incompletely burned fuel, carbon monoxide is incompletely burned carbon, therefore it has long been assumed that measurement of CO in flue gas (a cheap, simple and very accurate procedure) will lead a good indication of the levels of smoke. Indeed, several Jurisdictions use CO measurement as the basis of smoke control. However it is far from clear how accurate the correspondence is. Medicinal smokeedit Throughout recorded history, humans have used the smoke of medicinal plants to cure illness. A sculpture from Persepolis shows Darius the Great (522-486 SC), the king of Persia, with twocensers in front of him for burning Peganum harmala and/ or sandalwood Santalum album, which was believed to protect the king from evil and disease. More than 300 plant species in 5 continents are used in smoke form for different diseases.As a method of drug administration, smoking is important as it is a simple, inexpensive, but very effective method of extracting particles containing active agents. More importantly, generating smoke reduces the particle size to a microscopic scale thereby increasing the absorption of its active chemical p rinciples. 1 5 see alsocedit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smoke.