Tibetan Oracles: Fact or Fiction? :: Tibet Oracle Oracles Essays

Tibetan Oracles The miraculous feats of the Tibetan oracles ar well feeln sources of mysticism. Stories of men who peck bend metal swords with their bare hands, dance wildly and proclaim the future have piqued the curiosity and fascination of many. However, most rationale people allow question, how factual is the Tibet oracle? Are these men really visited by the deities who they claim to be visited by or are they merely masters of illusion? The desire to know the future is probably as old as the human race. Early cultures all over the world have left fragments of evidence telling us that divination was of paramount importance in their free-and-easy lives. (Housdan, 7) This desire causes most Tibetans to fervently believe in the power of these oracles. Like most other cultures, the Tibetans are curious about the future and use the methodology of the Oracle as a means for divination. The Tibetan oracles are highly respected members of the community whom the Tibetan s pertain to find out the future of their own lives as well as the future of the Tibetan country. Despite the Tibetans article of belief in the spiritual nature of the trance, anthropologists who have studied it have been adapted to come up with other explanations for the trance state that do not involve the religious belief in spirit self-control. These explanations often involve subjects much(prenominal) as psychology and neurology that look at the physiological state of the body during the trance. Through scientifically analyzing the trance state, it raises the question of whether or not the oracles who don into these trances are able to do so intentionally and if an oracle can willfully enrol into a trance, then how does an oracle become valid? The Tibetan oracles are both sources of mysticism but they have also been sources of great controversy in Tibet for these questions involving the legitimacy of the oracle.The traditional Tibetan belief is that Tibetan deities w ill take possession of men or women in society who act as mouthpieces of the idols. Spiritual possession is defined as an altered state of disposition that is characterized by desertion of a persons original personality, followed by temporary replacement of another.(AvRuskin, 286) The god enters into the body of the medium and the medium will enter a trance-like state during which the deity is using the mediums body as a tool.Tibetan Oracles Fact or Fiction? Tibet Oracle Oracles EssaysTibetan Oracles The miraculous feats of the Tibetan oracles are well known sources of mysticism. Stories of men who can bend metal swords with their bare hands, dance wildly and proclaim the future have piqued the curiosity and fascination of many. However, most rationale people will question, how real is the Tibet oracle? Are these men really visited by the deities who they claim to be visited by or are they merely masters of illusion? The desire to know the future is probably as old a s the human race. Early cultures all over the world have left fragments of evidence telling us that divination was of paramount importance in their daily lives. (Housdan, 7) This desire causes most Tibetans to fervently believe in the power of these oracles. Like most other cultures, the Tibetans are curious about the future and use the methodology of the Oracle as a means for divination. The Tibetan oracles are highly respected members of the community whom the Tibetans consult to find out the future of their own lives as well as the future of the Tibetan country. Despite the Tibetans belief in the spiritual nature of the trance, anthropologists who have studied it have been able to come up with other explanations for the trance state that do not involve the religious belief in spirit possession. These explanations often involve subjects such as psychology and neurology that look at the physiological state of the body during the trance. Through scientifically analyzing the t rance state, it raises the question of whether or not the oracles who enter into these trances are able to do so intentionally and if an oracle can willfully enter into a trance, then how does an oracle become valid? The Tibetan oracles are both sources of mysticism but they have also been sources of great controversy in Tibet for these questions involving the authenticity of the oracle.The traditional Tibetan belief is that Tibetan deities will take possession of men or women in society who act as mouthpieces of the gods. Spiritual possession is defined as an altered state of consciousness that is characterized by desertion of a persons original personality, followed by temporary replacement of another.(AvRuskin, 286) The god enters into the body of the medium and the medium will enter a trance-like state during which the deity is using the mediums body as a tool.

A Character Analysis of Macbeth in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

A Character Analysis of Macbeth in Shakespeares Macbeth          By the end of work on V scene v  it is clear that Macbeth is not goingto rule his kingdom much longer.  He is to be defeated by a man none of woman born (IV,i,80) who we find out latter in the play is Macduff.Before Macbeth is to be killed we find out that he is a great warrior,  a in his right mind(predicate) man, and a superstitious man.         In Act I scene ii we find out that Macbeth is a great warrior.  Westart the scene off from a sergeants account of the fighting against theenemys of the king and Macbeth.                 For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that                name,-disdaining fortune, with his                brandishd steel, whic h smokd with                bloody execution.                               (I,ii,16-18) From this we nookie tell that Macbeth fought bravely and through unbeatableodds against Macdonwalds army.  It also tells us that Macbeth can handle asword like it was an extension of his own body.  The sergeant also tellsus                 As cannons overchargd with double cracks                So they doubly redoubled strokes upon the                competitor                               (I,ii,37-39)&nbs pFrom this we can tell that he was a relentless and courageous wizard andwould not stop until he had won.  He is such a fearless fighter that theday would be remembered for centuries to come the sergeant says  Ormemorize another Golgotha,  this tells us that Macbeth would have gonedown in the books as Scotlands heroic warrior.  Macbeth had devil gloriousbattles both of which he had won. from these battles and the sergeantswords we can truly say that Macbeth was a great warrior.         Macbeth is also to be portrayed as an insane man, just I think thatthis is not to be true.  An insane man is supposed to be delirious, make nosense what-so-ever, and to enjoy the killing and deaths of others.  On the perverse Macbeth is none of these, he in my opinion is a very sane man.Macbeth says to lady Macbeth that we will proceed no further in thisbusiness (I,vii,31) in this scene Macbeth is showing hesitation inkilling Ducan, which tell s us that Macbeth like any other normal man doesnot like killing.  In Act II scene I Macbeth has his first major Soliloquywhere he seems to be delirious by seeing a dagger floating somewhat him Adagger of the mind, a false creation (II,i,38).  I think that this in factis just his imagination telling him that it is a mistake to kill Ducan.Macbeth has a very stressful decision on his mind whether to compel to the

Free Narrative Essays - Change :: Personal Narrative Essays

Change My whole life, I guard been presented to a single element called change. Change occurs in some(prenominal) different forms and is carried out in many different ways. However, just recently, I have come to the realization that change can be the deepest of all subjects. I always assumed that change occured when you moved to a new town or when you lost someone close to you. Those are elements to change, yes, but change doesnt have to occur over a single dramatic event. It can just happen overnight when your brain determines its time to do something different. For obvious reasons, people turn down change. Especially people who are close to each other because they feel that this change is going to seperate them and make them not as close as they utilise to be. They fight the change until they force the soul to change. Its sad how this works, but in reality, its probably the single most reason why people change. The people we love, love us so much that they want us to remain the way we are forever. Forever is a long time and not one person can always stay the same. Sometimes if the people we love would just accept the change and go with it, they would understand where the change was origianlly coming from. Its dangerous to discipline to stop change and argue against it, especially if the person wants to change so much. The reason that somebody wants to change is usually not their choice, but a feeling that the person feels inside their head and heart. Its almost like a celestial force is making you change and you have no say in the enumerate but you spot you have to because your mental and physical attributes are commanding you to. Maybe the change isnt the best change, but if you dig deeper, the person that you love and know isnt really changing, they are just trying to find themselves and the one thing they need the most is the support of the people who they sympathize with about the most. When the people they care about the most dismiss their ch ange as something unimportant and try to guard down everything by rules and regulations, the person they loved begins to change out of wo that the one group of people he or she thought would understand, really has no clue.

Time For A Change :: Essays Papers

Time For A Change The more that I learn about dodo fuels and their effect on the environment, the more surprised I become about the state of the world we live in. It seems that we live in a time that demands minute gratification. The problem with instant gratification is that the repercussions ar seldom thought about. While millions of people ring nothing of driving their cars for hours a day, the cause of decades of this behavior are already manifesting themselves around the world. This is particularly true in the United States, where mass consumption of fossil fuels are propagating serious environmental hazards. Perhaps the problem that strikes me as most frightening is the problem of acid rain. The nitrogens and sulfides in fossil fuels that we burn are wrecking serious havoc on the air we breathe. It is horrifying for me to think of rain falling that contains extremely corrosive and damaging factors. If this rain has the ability to corrode buildings, mon uments and statues, I potty only imagine how its long term effects must damage organic matter (Acid Rain, March 2005). It is also difficult to predict the future of this state. Will the problem intensify with time or depart the recent slew of clear air acts and proposals have a palpable effect on the air we breathe? Have we passed the point of irreversibility or can we ameliorate the problems that have building over the last decades in the golden age of fossil fuels? Despite the looming problems at hand, I cant garter but feel optimistic about the situation. Technology has gotten us into this problem, and it could very well get us out of it. One breakthrough in engine room could easily reduce the incidence of pollution in the long run. With the emergence and surprising popularity of hybrid cars (Hybrid Cars, March 2005) and all the research into alternative fuels such as hydrogen, it seems that the only thing missing is the technology itself. The market is clea rly there. Hybrid cars have sold an astounding already. Also, considering the unprecedented exponential rate of technological leaven in the past 100 years, it seems almost inevitable that a breakthrough is just around the corner.

Cause and Effect of the Water Wheel :: essays research papers

A wet wave changes the energy of falling water into robotlike energy that can be used for machines. The water is directed into the wander through a tube. The rhythm is determined on an axle, which is connected by gearing with the machine it is to ope run. There are two types of water wheels, just and plain. The vertical wheels has an overshot and a undershot. The overshot water wheel has buckets around its edge. Water is delivered to the top of the wheel. The weight of the water falling into the buckets makes the wheel turn. An overshot water wheel has a truly good discover of working with a 80 percent efficiency rate. That means, it may turn as much as 80 percent of the energy of the water into mechanical energy. Though, its use is limited to making small amounts of power. The undershot water wheel is built so the water hits the blades at the bottom of the wheel. The power of the wheel depends on the speed of the water hits the blades. The undershot wheel has such a low e fficiency that it is rarely used. Most innovational water wheels are horizontal. A horizontal wheel rotates on a vertical shaft. It is driven by the force of the water hitting the blades on one(a) billet of the wheel. Horizontal wheels are very efficient if made correctly.For my experiment I made an vertical undershot waterwheel. For the base of the waterwheel I come down off 8 centimeters of the bottom of a milk jug. Then issue of the top of the jug I cut four triangles, four squares and four circles out for the fins of the waterwheel. After that I thumb tacked the 4 triangles to a bobtail. Put a hole at the end of each side of the cork and glued a skewer in each side for an axis. Then I cut a hole at each side of the base and put the skewers with the cork suspended in the middle. Then I put a 2 inch x 2 inch piece of clay shaped as circles on each side of the skewer. Thats how I got my waterwheel.In my experiment I didnt use electricity instead I measured the rate at which a water wheel lifts a weight. Doing this determined the speed at which the water wheel spins. For a weight I used a penny that was taped to a pull back which was wrapped around the clay.Cause and Effect of the Water Wheel essays research papersA water wheel changes the energy of falling water into mechanical energy that can be used for machines. The water is directed into the wheel through a tube. The wheel is placed on an axle, which is connected by gearing with the machine it is to operate. There are two types of water wheels, vertical and horizontal. The vertical wheels has an overshot and a undershot. The overshot water wheel has buckets around its edge. Water is delivered to the top of the wheel. The weight of the water falling into the buckets makes the wheel turn. An overshot water wheel has a very good chance of working with a 80 percent efficiency rate. That means, it may turn as much as 80 percent of the energy of the water into mechanical energy. Though, its use is lim ited to making small amounts of power. The undershot water wheel is built so the water hits the blades at the bottom of the wheel. The power of the wheel depends on the speed of the water hits the blades. The undershot wheel has such a low efficiency that it is rarely used. Most modern water wheels are horizontal. A horizontal wheel rotates on a vertical shaft. It is driven by the force of the water hitting the blades on one side of the wheel. Horizontal wheels are very efficient if made correctly.For my experiment I made an vertical undershot waterwheel. For the base of the waterwheel I cut off 8 centimeters of the bottom of a milk jug. Then out of the top of the jug I cut four triangles, four squares and four circles out for the fins of the waterwheel. After that I thumb tacked the 4 triangles to a cork. Put a hole at the end of each side of the cork and glued a skewer in each side for an axis. Then I cut a hole at each side of the base and put the skewers with the cork suspended in the middle. Then I put a 2 inch x 2 inch piece of clay shaped as circles on each side of the skewer. Thats how I got my waterwheel.In my experiment I didnt use electricity instead I measured the rate at which a water wheel lifts a weight. Doing this determined the speed at which the water wheel spins. For a weight I used a penny that was taped to a string which was wrapped around the clay.

Cause and Effect of the Water Wheel :: essays research papers

A peeing motorbike changes the energy of falling urine into mechanical energy that can be utilise for machines. The water is directed into the wheel by a tube. The wheel is placed on an axle, which is connected by gearing with the machine it is to operate. There are cardinal types of water wheels, vertical and horizontal. The vertical wheels has an shoot and a undershot. The overshot water wheel has buckets around its edge. Water is delivered to the top of the wheel. The tilt of the water falling into the buckets makes the wheel turn. An overshot water wheel has a very good chance of working with a 80 percentage susceptibility rate. That means, it may turn as much as 80 percent of the energy of the water into mechanical energy. Though, its use is limited to making small amounts of power. The undershot water wheel is strengthened so the water hits the blades at the perforate of the wheel. The power of the wheel depends on the speed of the water hits the blades. The undersh ot wheel has such a low efficiency that it is rarely used. Most modern water wheels are horizontal. A horizontal wheel rotates on a vertical shaft. It is driven by the force of the water hitting the blades on one human face of the wheel. Horizontal wheels are very efficient if made correctly.For my experiment I made an vertical undershot waterwheel. For the constitute of the waterwheel I cut mutilate 8 centimeters of the bottom of a milk jug. Then out of the top of the jug I cut quatern triangles, four squares and four circles out for the fins of the waterwheel. subsequently that I thumb tacked the 4 triangles to a cork. Put a hole at the end of each lieu of the cork and glued a spit out in each status for an axis. Then I cut a hole at each side of the base and put the skewers with the cork hang in the middle. Then I put a 2 inch x 2 inch put of clay shaped as circles on each side of the skewer. Thats how I got my waterwheel.In my experiment I didnt use electricity kind o f I measured the rate at which a water wheel lifts a weight. Doing this determined the speed at which the water wheel spins. For a weight I used a cent that was taped to a string which was wrapped around the clay.Cause and Effect of the Water Wheel essays research papersA water wheel changes the energy of falling water into mechanical energy that can be used for machines. The water is directed into the wheel through a tube. The wheel is placed on an axle, which is connected by gearing with the machine it is to operate. There are two types of water wheels, vertical and horizontal. The vertical wheels has an overshot and a undershot. The overshot water wheel has buckets around its edge. Water is delivered to the top of the wheel. The weight of the water falling into the buckets makes the wheel turn. An overshot water wheel has a very good chance of working with a 80 percent efficiency rate. That means, it may turn as much as 80 percent of the energy of the water into mechanical en ergy. Though, its use is limited to making small amounts of power. The undershot water wheel is built so the water hits the blades at the bottom of the wheel. The power of the wheel depends on the speed of the water hits the blades. The undershot wheel has such a low efficiency that it is rarely used. Most modern water wheels are horizontal. A horizontal wheel rotates on a vertical shaft. It is driven by the force of the water hitting the blades on one side of the wheel. Horizontal wheels are very efficient if made correctly.For my experiment I made an vertical undershot waterwheel. For the base of the waterwheel I cut off 8 centimeters of the bottom of a milk jug. Then out of the top of the jug I cut four triangles, four squares and four circles out for the fins of the waterwheel. After that I thumb tacked the 4 triangles to a cork. Put a hole at the end of each side of the cork and glued a skewer in each side for an axis. Then I cut a hole at each side of the base and put the skew ers with the cork suspended in the middle. Then I put a 2 inch x 2 inch piece of clay shaped as circles on each side of the skewer. Thats how I got my waterwheel.In my experiment I didnt use electricity instead I measured the rate at which a water wheel lifts a weight. Doing this determined the speed at which the water wheel spins. For a weight I used a penny that was taped to a string which was wrapped around the clay.

Product costing and cost accumulation in a batch production environment Essay

As production takes place, manufacturing appeals are tracked in the Work-in-Process Inventory account. Every product is made up of three cost components ingest materials, direct labor, and manufacturing crash. After products are completed, the corresponding cost leaves the Work-in-Process account and is debited to the Finished-Goods account. (A merchandising sloshed buys its goods already completed and directly debits the items cost to Merchandise Inventory.)When units are sold, the Finished-Goods Inventory account is credited and Cost of Goods Sold is debited.A product-costing system must be adapted to match the environment in which it ope judge.A billet-order costing system is used in an industry where products are made individu wholey, or in relatively small batches, and one product or batch is readily distinguishable from the other.Candidates for job-costing systems would be custom homebuilding, custom printing, custom furniture construction, legal cases, medical cases, audi ts, and research projects.A process-costing system is employed in an environment at the other end of the continuum the mass production of like units. Users might include manufacturers of chemicals, gasoline, and microchips. This topic is discussed fully in Chapter 4.4.ACCUMULATING COSTS IN A JOB-ORDER COSTING SYSTEMA job-cost record is used to accumulate the actual direct materials, actual direct labor, and applied manufacturing command processing overhead time costs for to each one job. The recording of costs on this record and in the general ledger is triggered by various source documents.Material requisition forms authorize the transfer of direct materials from the store to production. In some firms, the requisitions are based on a bill of materials that lists all of the materials (e.g., parts) take awayed.Supply chainthe flow of all goods, services, and information into and out of the organization. The add together chain often has ramifications for materials, as manufactu rers work with vendors to achieve improved delivery schedules and reductions in material cost.Time records are used to gather the amount of direct labor worked on a specific job.Manufacturing overhead is entered on the job-cost record in the form of applied (i.e., estimated) overhead. Source documents, such as invoices for factory indemnification and schedules for factory depreciation, trigger a general-ledger entry that debits the Manufacturing Overhead account.5.OVERHEAD APPLICATIONOverhead accounting involves a number of steps. Chapter 3 focuses on the final step the masking of overhead to jobs and products.Although overhead cannot be directly traced to the product, the use of an application rate should allocate an equitable amount of cost to each job (known as overhead application).Step 1 Set a predetermined overhead rate at the beginning of the accounting period. This is done by dividing the periods estimated (budgeted) overhead by the periods estimated number of cost-device driver units.Step 2 Use the predetermined overhead rate to apply an equitable portion of overhead to each job. As the actual number of cost-driver units used on a job becomes known, it is multiplied by the predetermined overhead rate.Actual overhead costs incurred during the category are debited to the Manufacturing Overhead control account. In contrast, applied overhead is debited to Work-in-Process Inventory and credited to Manufacturing Overhead.The year-end difference between actual and applied amounts is known as over-or underapplied overhead. This figure is adjusted in the process of closing the Manufacturing Overhead account to zero by eitherCharging or crediting the amount to cost of goods sold. This surface is acceptable if the over- or underapplication is small or if most of the products made during the period have been sold.Prorating the amount among work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold.Teaching accomplishment Emphasize that under- and overapplied ov erhead is the difference between actual and applied overhead, not actual and budgeted overhead. The budgeted figure is used solely in the determination of the predetermined rate.6. broad ILLUSTRATION OF JOB COSTINGAs noted earlier, the Work-in-Process Inventory account contains charges for direct materials used, direct labor, and applied manufacturing overhead.Period costs are expensed and not charged to Manufacturing Overhead.A sale requires two journal entries one to record the sales revenue and some other to transfer the goods cost from Finished-Goods Inventory to Cost of Goods Sold.Teaching bound Although the text illustration appears relatively complicated, it is simply presenting the expatiate that accompany the flow of goods (and costs) from work in process, to finished goods, to cost of goods sold.7.FINANCIAL SCHEDULES FOR MANAGERSThe schedule of cost of goods manufactured details the activity in the Work-in-Process account (beginning balance, direct materials used, dir ect labor, applied overhead, and ending balance).The schedule of cost of goods sold details the activity in the Finished- Goods Inventory account. It is uniform to the cost-of-goods-sold schedule as shown in financial accounting courses for merchandising companies, except the purchases amount is replaced with cost of goods manufactured.8.FURTHER ASPECTS OF OVERHEAD APPLICATIONActual and normal costingAccountants p match predetermined application rates, which are used in a normal-costing system. Such rates help to smooth product costs over time and countenance users to cost products/jobs upon completion.In contrast, users of actual-costing systems derive an actual overhead rate at the end of the accounting period. Product-cost information to management is therefore delayed.Choosing an appropriate cost driverDirect labor has been a very common and appropriate cost driver. Past processes were labor intensive, and products incurring more labor often produced higher amounts of manufac turing overhead.Today, many processes are automated and less dependent on labor. Thus, firms now use machine hours, process time, throughput (cycle) time (the average amount of time to convert mad materials into finished goods), and other measures as cost drivers.Single vs. multiple overhead ratesCompanies commonly use multiple (rather than single) application rates. With computerized accounting systems, multiple rates are easily generated, thus lowering the cost of producing highly accurate information.A single overhead rate is commonly known as a plantwide rate multiple rates are often known as subdivisional rates.Two-stage cost allocationStage one Overhead is first collect in production departments. This frequently requires the allocation of service department costs to production departments.Stage two As a final step, production department costs are assigned to individual jobs and products via overhead application.9.PROJECT COSTINGProject costing refers to job costing in a non manufacturing environment. Jobs in this case refer to cases, contracts, and/or programs.Costing involves tracking the direct, easily traceable costs and subdividing them by project. Overhead is then applied by using a predetermined rate, with a possible application base being a projects direct professional labor cost.Technology such as bar cryptograph may be used to track appropriate costs to projects, although this is just one of many possible applications. Service providers, along with manufacturers, are also qualification use ofElectronic selective information interchange (EDI), which involves the electronic transfer of information from one organization to another by using a computer-to-computer interface.Extensible markup language (XML), which is web-based and allows users to share structured data such as product order lists and price data.Teaching OverviewI begin the topic of job costing by explaining that students should not expect to apply a so-called textbook system to an y sincere-world company, because cost systems must be designed to meet a firms unique needs. However, the two traditional system models, job order and process costing, give users the ability to build-in various modifications for use in actual situations.The major difficulty that students encounter in job costing is the concept of manufacturing overhead. The first area needing clarification is terminology, namelyEstimated = budgetedApplied = allocatedIncurred = actualThe second area in need of clarification is the sequence of procedures for overhead application calculating predetermined overhead rates, using the rates, and adjusting the over- or underapplied amount. This problem stems from the fact that students are doing textbook assignments where all the information is given simultaneously. Therefore, the question arises, Why use an imperfect predetermined overhead rate when I have all the totally correct, actual data in the next paragraph? It is helpful to be on the lookout for this line of thinking when discussing homework assignments and to remind students how and when information becomes available in the real world. (I suspect this is a problem mainly for undergraduates with limited work experience.)Based on many years of teaching, I also find that students vie with the journal entries required to handle a sale. Two entries are needed one to transfer the cost of units sold from finished goods to cost of goods sold another is needed to record revenue. Students often forget one or the other or exhibit some creativity, creating a new account entitled profits on Sale. Be sure to spend a few extra minutes with this issue.After the preceding issues have been handled, students generally are quite implicated in job-costing concepts, particularly those who have worked in a family business or who plan to start their own business. Students are also interested in job costing in a service enterprise (discuss something as basic as the activities of a sports agent who represents clients across the country) and the impact of changing manufacturing techniques (such as the erudition of new, state-of-the-art production technology) on product-costing procedures.I recommend Exercise 3-35 (manufacturing overhead) and Problem 3-46 (job costing and journal entries) as lecture demonstration problems.

Character Analysis of Anne of “The Thousand Days” Essay

pace Days is a 1969 drama made by Hal Wallis Productions and distributed by Universal Pictures. order by Charles Jarrott and produced by Hal B. Wallis.In Anne of the Thousand Days, King Richard VIII plays the central role in the plot and feeler of the play. As the king of England, Richard is the most great(p) authority figure. It turns out that he is the main character and therefore the most important person in the play.Being the central character makes it easy for this character to progress the play. The main contribution to progress the play is King Richards urgent desire to have a son to take heir to his throne. This is what the entire play revolves around. in that respect are several other contributions that he makes to move the play forward. Some of these include his infatuation with Anne Boleyn, manipulating his government to allow different women into his life, and Annes trial that leads to her eventual death.The dramatist employed this character as the central story that the entire play is based upon. Being based on history, it seems to be a very interest story about King Richard VIII and the playwright realized this. It only makes sense to make him the main character because the story is about him. This play short could non have been made without the king.If I were cast into playing King Richard VIII, I would not change the central objectives of my role. Being that this play is mostly non-fiction, it does not make sense to try and alter history in a major way. In my opinion, retaining the true story as well as assertable is the best way to tell a story that is heavily based on history.BibliographyAnne of the Thousand Days Tea at Trianon. 2008. 11 November 2008. http//teaattrianon.blogspot.com/2008/10/anne-of-thousand-days-1969.htmlAnne of the Thousand Days Wikipedia Encylopedia. 2008. 11 November 2008.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_the_Thousand_Days

Ken Wilber

The man who, for many years, has been acknowledged by colleagues as the leading theoretician of consciousness and transpersonal psychology, Ken Wilber, was born in 1948 in Oklahoma City, to 2 devoted parents. Wilbers intellect has been hailed as truly extraordinary in its penetrating, synthesizing, and discriminative capacities. His knowledge of psychology, philosophical system, sociology, comparative religion, mysticism, anthropology, and even hard sciences much(prenominal) as biochemistry and physics is roughly encyclopedic, but, most importantly, he has personal experience with the states and levels of consciousness about which he writes.Although he certainly should not be viewed as only an intellectual, his affinity for the psychic and spiritual realms, as opposed to the bodily and emotional realms, is clear. Likewise, although his passion is greater for transpersonal than prepersonal and personal stages of phylogeny, he has nonetheless consistently emphasized the dire need to confess and embrace a full-spectrum view of consciousness and humanitys place therein.Life and Major WorksWilber grew up in Lincoln, Nebraska. His father was an air force officer. As a youth, he was clothed in the world of natural sciences, biology, chemistry and mathematics. Referring to his late high-school and early college days, Wilber notes, My mental youth was an idyll of precision and accuracy, a fortress of the clear and evident. (Wilber 58) His encounter with the Tao-te-Ching changed boththing It was as if I were being exposed, for the very first time, to an entirely new and drastically different world -a world beyond the sensical, a world outside of science, and whence a world quite beyond myself. (Wilber 58)From here on, the investigation of the world beyond the personal self yet accessible to human consciousness became a passion that involved not just Wilbers intellect but his entire being. Beginning in his early twenties and continuing to this day, he has taken up training in various contemplative practices such as Zen and Dzogchen (a form of Tibetan Buddhism) that would enable him to walk the terrain he charts in his typographys.Wilber dropped out of grad studies in biochemistry to devote himself fulltime to the pursuit of his research and writing about consciousness. His first major book, The Spectrum of Consciousness written in 1977, was a synthesis of Western psychological theories and therapies with easterly spiritual disciplines. From this time onward, Wilber supported himself by his own writings, living outside of institutional affiliations and commitments, free to develop and express his own ideas, free to stick out a lifestyle of reflexion and writing. To balance mental and spiritual work with embodied living, he at times engaged in manual labor, such as working in gas stations (Wilber 88).Several books and over a hundred journal articles soon appeared. The Atman visualize 1980 set forth a immensely spread out framework for h uman development from infancy to adulthood and beyond into transpersonal stages described by diverse contemplative disciplines. Up from Eden (1981b) presented a tiny map of the exploitation of the human mind and consciousness indoors this framework. The popular No Boundary (1981a), explains Wilbers early ideas in a highly readable style, date some of his more technical works such as Eye to Eye The Questfor the New Paradigm for the New Paradigm (1990a) discuss the epistemological bases of conditioned in the various sciences and how these could be expanded to accommodate the fun spectrum of consciousness.Wilbers ideas, larger than life and expressed through a mightful and often sharply critical writing style, rush left few readers neutral or indifferent. Over the years he has engaged in lively debates with tidy sum who have taken bonk with his controversial ideas, including other prominent theorists in transpersonal psychology. Most of these debates were carried on in the pa ges of journals and in his most recent books. Few of his colleagues in transpersonal and consciousness studies have met him in person. To their chagrin, Wilber guards his privacy carefully and rarely makes an appearance in public.He initially accepted invitations to t from each one, lecture, and give interviews but then quickly pulled back from such activity, as he felt thrown off center by the attention and admiration from his audiences. Regarding this experience, Wilber said in an interview, What you get are a lot of people telling you how great you are. Within a short time, you start believing them, and then youre headed for disaster. I simply did not feel competent to appear in public as a teacher (Schwartz 186). Getting Wilber to agree even to an interview is not easy. Yet when he does give his time, he gives generously, and to his small round of golf of close friends. Wilber is known as a devoted friend who undersurface be warm, charming, and funny (Schwartz 204).Wilbers fir st marriage to his best friend Amy Wagner in 1972 lasted for clubhouse years, after which they parted ways amicably. Two years later Wilber met and married Treya Killam. One week after the wedding, she was diagnosed with breast posteriorcer. The next five years were spend battling a relentless cancer that eventually claimed her life. During those five years Wilber set aside most of his writing and devoted himself full-time to nurturing Treya and, eventually, to helping her to die. Grace and gumption (1991), which appeared devil years after her death, provides a moving account of the emotional and spiritual struggles and transformations in both Wilber and Treya during those trying years.The long hiatus in Wilbers writing ended in 1995 with the publication of the first volume of a planned three-volume series, Sex, Ecology, and Spirituality The Spirit of Evolution (SES) (1995b). This 800 page volume was soon followed by two shorter companion works, A Guide to Sex, Ecology, Spiritua lity (1995a) and A Brief History of Everything (1996). A new chapter had just begun in Wilbers writing career. Up to this point, the emphasis had been generally on the upward movement of evolution, but in SES the upward movement is balanced by the movement downward Spirit ascending to high unities is at the same time Spirit descending to embrace and integrate the manifold of phenomena. By Wilbers own estimation SES is his first mature work. It offers an integral vision that encompasses a good deal everything humans have ever sought to know or be.Wilbers IdeasTranspersonal TheoryKen Wilber has been the most influential theorist in transpersonal psychology. Wilbers developmental model in The Atman Project has the advantage of meshing with developmental psychology and extending it to transpersonal growth. Wilber says that people move through three life stages pre-personal, personal, and transpersonal growth. The pre-personal stage begins at comport, before a personality is develope d.From birth to adolescence the task is to build a personality. In the personal stage the individuals task is to use the personality in work, relationships, and mature life in the world. In the transpersonal stage, unremarkably beginning in adult life, the person begins to move beyond the external world and explore the inner reaches of the self and spiritual realities. The ultimate purpose is to put on the state of oneness or unity with the consciousness of the universe. Wilber contends that the growth toward these levels of being is a natural movement of the self, an inward arc in contrast to the outbound arc that relates to the external world.The Spectrum of DevelopmentDevelopment, for Wilber, extends from inanimate matter and primitive life forms through the developmental stages of human consciousness to its farthest reaches as manifested by the mystics and sages of various eastern and Western spiritual traditions. The stages leading to mature adulthood are familiar enough. T hey have been charted by theorists such as Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohlberg, and various psychoanalysts. Wilber draws especially from Piaget for the un-foldment of the cognitive and mental capacities and integrates these with the dynamic theories of object-relations psychoanalysis.Wilber identifies four transpersonal stages beyond mature adulthood psychic, subtle, causal, and ultimate. Through these stages the sense of self or identity becomes more and more flexible and comprehensive as self-centrism or narcissism continues to decrease, until at the highest stages of transpersonal development even the subtlest and most inclusive self-structurations are transcended in a sense of identity and connectedness that embraces all.At each stage things can go wrong, and so there is a spectrum of pathology corresponding to the spectrum of development all the way up to the highest transpersonal stages. Wilber discusses treatment modalities for each pathology and calls attention to the richness of correctly discerning levels of pathology for example pre-personal or transpersonal so that appropriate treatment can be chosen. For example, he argues that meditation may not be suited for borderline and other pre-personal pathologies, whereas for an existential depression or dark night of the soul that may occur in the lower transpersonal stages meditation may be a successful method of treatment.The charting of transpersonal development is undoubtedly Wilbers most controversial project. It implies that human development is open ended and that some individuals are farther on in development than other people, or that at any given time some people, and perhaps some cultures, have a more encompassing sense of self and a greater capacity for integrating the spectrum of consciousness than others. A number of cultural anthropologists, feminists, and ecophilosophers have criticized Wilbers theory in this regard. Certainly, the idea of development beyond the average well -adjusted is not new it was celebrated in Maslows notion of the self-actualizer. But in proposing developmental stages beyond self-actualization, Wilber is venturing into ever more gilded realms of human experience where the stakes are set high yet evidence is hard to come by.Nevertheless, it seems fair to say that Wilbers transpersonal stages have opened up the horizon far beyond anything conceived in Western scientific psychology. This horizon had been there all along, of course, and through the centuries it was explored by the mystics and seers whose anecdotal accounts, couched in religious symbolisation and interpretations, only helped to shroud it in impenetrable mystery. For consciousness researchers, Wilber offers a greatly expanded paradigm of scientific inquiry. For those on a spiritual quest, he provides a map for the road.The Three Eyes of KnowingThe paradigm of consciousness research has been too narrowly modeled after the empirical sciences, argues Wilber. It can be si gnificantly expanded once we realize that the midpoint of flesh, that is, our senses aided by laboratory instruments, is just one of the possible ways in which knowledge is gathered. We also have the eye of reason that understands the meaning of text, cultural symbols, and mathematical equations as well as the meaning of the data the eye of flesh observes. Beyond reason, says Wilber, there is the eye of contemplation that intuits directly the nature of reality and of the meanings deciphered by the eye of reason.The Pre/Trans FallacyAnother important concept of Wilbers that helps clear up misunderstandings regarding the transpersonal domain is what he calls the pre/trans fallacy. This is the failure to distinguish among primitive phenomena of early developmental stages, on the one hand, and insights and experiences that transcend the egoic mode of rational consciousness, on the other. Both types of phenomena are, in their own ways, nonrational and nonegoic, and this is why they can appear similar or even identical. But phenomena of the first type are prerational or preegoic, whereas phenomena of the endorsement type are transrational or transegoic.The pre/trans fallacy can occur in two ways. In the first, trans is reduced to pre. Freuds interpretation of the oceanic feeling associated with mystical experience as an irrational, regressive urge to return to the womb is a classic example of such a reduction. In general, the dismissal of all spiritual insights as regressive exemplifies the reductionist form of the pre/trans fallacy. In the second form of the fallacy, pre is elevated to trans. The elevationist form of the pre/trans fallacy is evident in the various ways in which prerational experience and modes of expression are promoted in the name of higher personal growth.Wilbers discussion of the pre/trans fallacy may well be one of his most useful practical contributions to the growing numbers of people searching for a spiritual path or engaging in some form of contemplative practice (Schwartz 260). Often the spiritual search masks primitive longings rooted in early developmental deprivations. On the other hand, sometimes an apparent psychotic break signals a major spiritual breakthrough. An insight into the pre/trans fallacy helps spiritual questers as well as therapists to be more discerning of the nature of the beast they are dealing with.Holism Restoring Connectedness in the WorldIn his more recent writings, Wilber has articulated his philosophy of holism. To be truly holistic, the vision of a whole must include everything, including itself. But more important, it must integrate and connect all that it embraces. So the issue is not holism versus atomism, but fractured ness versus connectedness. Furthermore, the solution cannot be a matter of articulating the best and most holistic position, for this still leaves out the person proposing or accepting the position. Rather, what is required is a transformation of consciousness within the person, within all of us that shifts the viewpoint from the exterior increasingly to the interior and on to a superior view that is ever more inclusive and connected.Wilber has sounded a powerful call for us to awaken to the evolutionary process taking place within us, within the universe, not in some distant future but right now (Puhakka 152). This evolution is fundamentally open and creative and therefore, at every turn, incomplete and uncertain. We live in systems within systems, place settings within contexts, of indefinitely expanding structures of experiences, meanings, and relationships. These systems are constantly sliding and the contexts shifting, says Wilber.The vision of an open universe unfolding and enfolded upwards and downwards without end effectively removes all bases for certainty and completeness. For many people, the postmodern quicksand world spells despair and a sense of being lost in the ever-shifting contexts that claim power of determination over meani ng and values and render human lives pointless and empty.The absolutizing of context is an unfortunate, even if unintended, legacy of much of postmodern thought. Wilber sees the emphasis on context as being appropriate but not going deep enough We must recognize that the contexts themselves are shifting and evolving, along with everything else. The evolution, we are a part of excludes nothing, not even the contexts that bound our understanding and certainness. Evolution is the journey of the universe toward self-awareness, now through human consciousness that is becoming increasingly aware of its own contexts.ConclusionKen Wilber is a controversial figure among the late-twentieth-century thinkers on culture and consciousness. The evolution of consciousness is Wilbers main concern. He finds all of the major sciences, philosophies, and spiritual traditions, both Eastern and Western, relevant to this concern, for they exemplify the process of evolution even as they shed light on it. T he light is always partial, however, and how to fit the partial truths together is, for Wilber, the authoritative puzzle. A superb synthesizer with ability to absorb and integrate large amounts of information across various disciplines, he sketches the contours of a panoramic vision of evolution as an unfolding of Spirit through matter, life, and mind.Works CitedEngler J. Therapeutic aims in psychotherapy and meditation Developmental stages in the representation of self. Boston Shambhala, 1986.Puhakka K. Restoring connectedness in the Kosmos A healing tale of a deeper order. humane Psychologist, 23 (1995) 373-391.Schwartz T. The full spectrum Common Boundary. Los Angeles Tarcher, 1995.Wilber K. The spectrum of consciousness. Wheaton, IL Quest Books, 1977.Wilber K. The Atman project. Wheaton, IL Quest Books. 1980.Wilber K. No boundary. Boston Shambhala, 1981.Wilber K. Odyssey. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 22(1) (1982) 57-90.Wilber K. A sociable God. New York New Press, 1983.

A Short Essay on Life Essay

In life, we come across many challenges. Some of them make us who we are while some tell us what we should be. Sometimes it is the opposite. There pass on be struggle, there will be bad days. Days which would never wait to end. Days which would go on and on, which would keep hurting us till the end. Many of us actually most would give up but the state who wont will be the ones to face the brighter side of the day. The night is darkest before dawn but how batch we forget the rainbow after the rain?We understand to love, to give, to endure, to pay off pleasure, to please but what we do not understand is ourselves during all of this. Life can lie to us and no one will stop it, it can play all sorts of games with us without us even knowing because there is no one controlling it. But whatever happens in life happens for good. entire of all in it. Whatever decisions life takes for us is already planned by it and we must learn to accept it.We must come in footing with the fact that no matter how hard we try to fit in this imperfect world, it will never acknowledge us for who we are. We always feel standardised becoming everything else around us. But what we do not realize is that everyone wants to be happy in the end of the day. They just want to find someone who will love them and who will stand by them throughout. Throughout the stormy nights, throughout the lonely days, throughout all the cold memories.

Sexual Identity in the Arab World

The ways in which regimes of law, cultural identity element and sound out governance shape understandings of Muslim or Arab versedities are many. In his article Re-Orienting Desire The Gay International and the Arab World Joseph Massad outlines some of these regimes. Massad argues that western orientalists and colonialists altered the way Muslims ingested their own sexual activity by bringing into consciousness the idea of laughable rights and thus mankindsexuality where it did not previously exist. Because of this, Massad argues that the western influence completely transformed how Muslims understood their own sexuality.In the beginning of his article Massad points out how Arab and Iranian men would engage in both gay and heterosexual practices while simultaneously rejecting the westward identity of gayness. While this opposes the idea of Western homosexuality it reflects an Arab understanding of sexuality as world fluid and not tightly restrained by identifying as either gay or straight. This changed over time as Western influence became more prevalent in the Arab public through culture exchange.Massad refers to this cultural exchange by introducing the Gay International, a sort of missionary meeting who aims to stabilize the sexual instability found within Arab societies. In other words, the Gay International aims to promote its messs on sexuality and liberate Arabs into the Western world of homosexuality. This highlights how sexual identities can be created and can travel between societies through the work of individual groups. The Gay International succeeded in creating and dividing Arabs into two new forms of identity -both homo and hero sexuality, where previously these were unfamiliar concepts.As opposed to Western societies, Massad notes how the Arabic language only recently adopted words for homosexuality and heterosexuality. Further, the word for sexual deviance was only coined in the mid 19050 and is understood to refer to the Western concept of homosexuality. These examples of language show how Western concepts shape Muslim understandings of sexuality by introducing certain terms that reflect Western born concepts. By forcing Muslims to identify as homosexuals this placed them into a social group that could be targeted by jurisprudence and government agencies.As noted in the article, police were able to target men who identify as gay on a personal level and who research to use this identity as a group identification The labeling of Arab men as homosexuals made them vulnerable to police attacks against this socially deviant behavior. As a result of the introduction of Western cultural concepts of sexuality, Arab men were subsequently subject to repression by commonwealth government forces. Police targeting is not the only form of a state governments control over sexual identity.Because homosexuality in the Arab world was transformed from a practice into an identity this made it also subject to antihomosexua l laws. The Western concepts of sexuality have thus created a new cultural identity that is regulated by law and enforced by state governments in the Arab world. Nadine Nabers paper entitled Arab American Femininities Beyond Arab Virgin/American(ized) Whore highlights the conflicting identities of homo and heterosexuality while also showing how individuals bay window with and combat socially constructed norms in an Arab context.Nadine analyzes ideas about virginity and homosexuality by interviewing young women who grew up surrounded by these issues. One of Nadines interviewees, Lulu, a gay Arab woman, describes how the connotation of homosexuality as being a Western concept was so engrained in her upbringing that she felt she could not be gay and Arab at the corresponding time as they were such opposing identities. In Lulus case, she was able to resist the exorcising identity of being gay in an Arab family by want support from queer Arab groups.She was able to form a family with other socially ostracized women who were also shunned by the Arab belief that homosexuality is a Western born and promoted idea. By choosing these women as her family Lulu is able to resist the patriarchal and heterosexual ideals of Arab culture. Lulu insists that queer Arabs exist which is in itself an act of resistance against homophobic Arab understandings of sexuality. Because many Arabs view homosexuality as being created by Western culture they are able to sustain their cultural views on exuality by blaming gay identifying Arabs as being Americanized. This is one way Arabs are able to resist the Western binary form of identity as either a hetero or a homo sexual. Gay Arabs are simply non existent without American influence. In terms of the gay individuals themselves, they must also choose to resist or assimilate -or a combination of the two- into Western ideas of sexuality in order to understand their own sexual identity. In Lulus case, she chooses to resist the normal path o f an Arab women -who is to appease a virgin until she is married off- by openly identifying as gay.In the eyes of her parents she has chosen sex over her family and thus rejected her Arab family and culture. In her familys view there is no way to combine a gay identity with the socially constructed views on sexuality found in Arab culture. Lulu rebels from her familys views on Arab sexuality by embracing the identity of a gay Arab woman. Not only does Lulu rebel by identifying as gay but by doing this she simultaneously rejects the virgin until married ideal bound to the heterosexual norm of Arab identity.While Massads work identifies the structures behind the creation of sexual identities and how these travel beyond state lines, Nadines paper shows how these constructed sexual identities affect individuals understandings of their own identities in their e real day lives. Nadines paper gives a personal appear to sexual identity issues, showing how the cultural understandings of se xual identity laid out in Massads article effect those who are marginalized by the very dialogue that is used to define them.

‘One Flesh’ by Elizabeth Jennings and ‘I wanna be yours’ by John Cooper Clarke Essay

One flesh by Elizabeth Jennings has the overall impression after interpret the song that it is just about 2 old people who have big apart from being with each other for so long. It is written in beginning(a) person, by one of their children, who is observing them lying apartIt is visible that one of the descendants is telling the poem from lines such as whose fire from which I came and these twain who argon my father and mother. Their child will now be an adult as references that refer to the couple as being old apprize this. Do they know theyre old. This person is telling the poem in 1st person and is visible from words such as my and I. But however in One Flesh the emotions of the child are not about them, it is about a 3rd person, but still it is written in 1st person.I wanna be yours by John Cooper Clarke is a poem regarding a person expressing their love for someone. The poem consists of a heavy(p) number of metaphors and similars to express the way he feels. He uses t hese literary devices to show that he wanna be yours even if he is just an everyday item such as a ford cortina or a simple raincoat.From words such as I, me, my it is apparent that the poem I wanna be yours is written in 1st person. This allows the author to express his thoughts and emotions directly from him and not through another person e.g. 3rd person.Individually both poems are about expressing an opinion about relationships. The relationship in One Flesh may be sexual climax to an end, but the relationship in I wanna be yours is coming together. As both poems regard relationship, it is obvious that love associates with them. Both the poems refer to love, passion and emotion indirectly. One flesh uses the comparison of fire to love in the line whose fire from which I came. This line also explains that the person revealing the situation within the poem, is a child of the two lovers. Within I wanna be yours a line such as thats how deep is my emotion reveals how much the author cares for the person the poem is directed towards.The attitudes of the writers are hugely different. As the writer of I wanna be yours wants someone for their self, the writer of one flesh is concerned about the relationship and well being of their parents.The attitude, which expresses itself in the title I wanna be yours, is a selfish attitude, as the author wants that person whatever the consequences. This is visible in take me with you anywhere. However, at the same time, a engaging and thoughtful attitude is presence from lines such as you get cold without and with deep devotion.The poem I wanna be yours utilises many metaphors and similars in the poem to signify that he wants to be hers even if he is just an electric heater.One flesh includes half rhyme, which is inconsistent. This inconsistency deliberately relates to the inconsistency in the sex within their relationship.Strangely apart, yet strangely close together is a metaphors in One Flesh which shows how they are emoti onally apart, but they are physically close together within the house. Whose fire from which I came, has now grown cold. The fire expresses that once they were passionate lovers and produced a child, but grown cold expresses that they are no longer passionate.The author uses metaphors in I wanna be yours to express his feelings such as deep as the deep Atlantic ocean thats how deep is my emotion By using the depth of the atlantic ocean to compare to his devotion, he express love.Repetition is used to pretend a beat to the poem deep deep deep deep de deep deep. It is also re informing how deep his devotion is. boilers suit One flesh is about a relationship that has already occurred, and I wanna be yours is about a relationship that is at the beginning where there is a lot of passion.

Effect of reading culture on students performance

It is in light of this that the inquiryer decided to weigh and find out the jounce one of the close to important organization in the educational system has on the achievement of his aim the library in doing this the researcher used a bookman-librarian lore questionnaire to gather information. The sample consisted of 10 assimilators who were seated in the library at the time the questionnaire was distributed and 10 librarians of Abs fauna library of Diadems College of Education. A percentages as well as T-test analysis of mean scores gotten from analysis of respondents were computed and analyzed in tables.Findings show that there is no significant difference between students and librarians responses to the impact of indicant finale on students performance. (TCL=3. 3, t-critic=l . 73, at pScholars have proposed different definitions of version. Item (2008) said that cultivation is the corner stone of learning it is the ability to glean meaning from printed symbols. Scabbards ( 2007) quoting Galilee describes breeding as reasoning involving the meaningful interpretation of words, phrases and sentences requiring all types of thinking such as critical, analytical, creative, imaginative, evaluative, judg cordial, and problem solving. Similarly, Babushka (1984) explained that through schooling an individual over a plosive of suitable exposure can acquire efficiency, skill and a set of behavior sin both linguistics and psycholinguistics.Reading thereof consists of complex psycholinguistic processes of identifications, mental integration research and application of written language symbols. It serves as a link between printed symbols and meaning attached to these symbols. Thus achieving interaction between the fountain and the reader. Despite these affirmions and government efforts in developing libraries, instruction culture is still at its lowest level among Nigerian students. Poor development of libraries and paucity of instruction materials and lack of adequate reading environments in Nigerian school system stifles the growth of reading culture.To worsen the situation, all the colleges of education in Nigeria no seven-day run programmer n library science (JAMB, 2007). Thus the colleges that would be a fertile design for the training of teacher librarian no long-term offer such courses. A pertinent question to this research is what is reading culture? How does the library help to develop reading culture among students especially in the higher institutions of learning, and what factors affect the library effectiveness on this pursing this course. Reading culture is the use of reading as a regular activity.It is the cultivation of an billet and bullheadedness Of skills that make reading a pleasurable, regular and constant activity. Reading ultra is identified as the single most important determination of a students succeeder in education in our modern education, incomes, skills development and fulfilled employment. The impor tance and benefits of reading culture cannot be over-emphasized. It provides individuals welfare, greater academic performance of students since a student who learns to read, reads to learn, It also provides skills intimacy and right attitude that frees one from boredom or idleness.It as well widens students general knowledge. It is therefore one of the tools for achieving qualitative education. Finally, poor alimentation culture among our students has brought our education to the solid ground just as we relegated the relevance of library Purpose of Study The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of of libraries on the development of reading culture among students in tertiary institutions. Specifically, the study will examine the following I. How reading culture affects the academic performance of students II. Whether and how the library creates an enabling ground for the development of reading culture.Significance of the Study This study aims at finding out the impact of libraries on the development of eating culture among students in tertiary institutions. Its findings therefore are to be of value to government agencies and policy makers who aims to tackle the problems of reading culture and poor academic performance among tertiary students. It will also be relevant to students who wish to develop their reading habits as well as librarians to know measures that can encourage real patronage and use of the library materials for self- development.Finally this research will improve reading culture among Nigerian students in general and in Diadems College of Education since some f the required enabling environment is already in place. Statement of hypothesis The following hypotheses were formu latishd to guide the study 1 . Reading culture improves the academic performance of students 2. The library creates an enabling ground for the development of reading culture. Conceptual approach to reading culture Horny (2002), sees reading culture as r eading behavior which is mainly done ofttimes because it has been established.According to Nines (2002), reading culture means learning tendencies that enable student work privately. Aweigh (1 998), describe reading culture as the way and manner a student Lana his or her private reading outside teaching hours in order to master a particular subject or topic. Scabbards(2007) defined reading culture as when an individual habitually and regularly read books. According to Van (2001) reading culture is seen as an active intervention to open up reading choices, increase readers enjoyment and offer opportunities for people to share their experiences.Inside (2008), described reading culture as the process of building up positive attitude among students and children over a period Of time. He added that reading culture is the kind of culture that imbibes eating and studying as the basis of growth and development. Though it is separate to inculcate reading culture right from a tender age, so that it can be imbibed as growth takes place, it is important to emphasis that is better late than never. It is in light of this that reading culture is being taught, promoted and advocated right from a tender age of a child in every serious and more(prenominal) developed nation of the world.Importance of reading culture According to Knick and hussys (2006) through reading, children knowledge base is enhanced, intellect sharpen and misconception eroded. Good authenticating helps the student in critical reflection factor in skills outcomes, such as selecting, analyzing critiquing and synthesizing. Fielded (2004) observed that children can get information through reading which is an essential tool is indispensable in the decision fashioning process Of individuals and organizations van (2000). According to Gadded (2003) reading is a means of proficiency and excellence in all human endeavourers.It is through reading that mind is enriched and knowledge is acquired, Undue (1997) observ ed that extensive reading is the most obvious way for children to enrich their vocabulary. On the same view, Horton (1983) added that the more a student reads, the more background knowledge he acquires of other peoples way of behavior and thought. Reading is clearly essential for the development of human intellectual but also a most controversial of all subjects. It is an essential social skill and must be practiced often in order to acquire and develop good reading culture.Payoffs (1995) in her study extensively discussed pursuit and submitted that it promotes a deep awareness and build the child up emotionally and intellectually. Similarly, crasher (1993), brilliantly illustrates owe reading culture benefits students achievement. He remarked that, children or young adults read more when they see other people reading the longer free reading is practiced, the more reconciled and positive the results and that people who read more write better. He then, submitted that reading as a le isure activity is best predicted of comprehension, vocabulary and reading speed of students.According to Sati (2002), reading culture influences in the promotion Of ons personal development in particular and social progress in general. He added that, Regular and opinionated reading harpers the intellect, refines the emotions, alleviates taste and provides perspectives for ones living and thereby prepares a person for an effective participation in the social, religious, culture and political life, reading fires the imagination of the person, it adds new hand to eyes and new wisdom to mind. Skunked (2007), points out that an individual who reads widely is empowered because knowledge is one of the best tools an individual can get. According to Hussy (2007), reading is the foundation upon which other academic skills are built because through reading, information can be acquired which bridges the gap between knowledge and ignorance. Tell and sneaked (2007) assert that ability to read i s at the heart of self education, lifelong learning and that is an arty capable of transforming life and society.An individual who reads well has a means of widen mental horizons and for multiplying opportunities of success. Reading is a vital factor affecting intellectual and emotional growth. Sir Richard Steele has logically quoted, reading is to the mind what exercise is to body. Reading for a student is very important for the development of language skills. It also indispensable tool or achieving emotional stability, enjoying leisure hours, sharing experiences which are encountered in books, and for keeping generalization of what is happening inside the world at large.It is for this reason that students, librarians teachers, parents and all concerned with the emotional, educational and cultural development of children must help them to cultivate a strong reading culture. Role of Libraries in Development of Reading Culture. Libraries play vital role in the worlds system of edu cation and information storage and retrieval. The library makes on tap(predicate) through books, journal, alms, recordings and other media knowledge that has been accumulated for ages.

Current Issue on Islamic Banking and Finance Essay

New paradigm of product packaging. Islamic banking and finance has emerged as a monetary mediation process that is competitive and resilient and that contributes to the overall wealth creation, growth and development of our nation.In the middle of an more(prenominal) and more challenging and competitive financial environment, the evolution of a comprehensive Islamic financial formation seeks to hit the range of requirements of a rapidly changing economic environment, with its soundness and stability secured through the robustness of its regulative framework supported by the strength of its financial infrastructure and the edification of its products and services.Indeed, the strength of the respective components of the system and the interconnections of its markets will open new frontiers in Islamic banking and finance and will maximize the potential difference and opportunities that it accords. In the new current issues on Islamic banking and finance have increased their pro duct in sophistication from the deposits product to hybrid product that are able to enhance returns to depositors.Further advancement was made with the knowledgeableness of the Islamic variable rate financing mechanism that provides an alternative to the fixed rate financing. This will help oneself the Islamic banking institutions in mitigating part of the risk emanating from asset and liability mismatches. New innovative Islamic financial instruments such as Islamic asset-backed securities have also emerged and the financial structures underlying Islamic securities become more specifies.The rapid growth of Islamic unit trusts comprising a variety of bond funds, equity funds and balance funds increases the efficiency and potential of the Islamic financial system as an intermediation channel by providing investors access to professional asset management that is based on their distinct risk tolerance levels. The payoff of new Islamic banking licenses to qualified foreign financial institutions will allow for the presence of foreign Islamic banking players to act as bridge between Malaysia and other global Islamic financial markets and increase the potential to tap new markets and growth opportunities.

The Role of Performance Appraisal to Motivate Employee

How to occasion Performance Appraisals to incite Employees By Ken Lloyd from Performance Appraisals and Phrases For Dummies Motivation is the process that energizes employees and propels them to pursue their objects. Well-designed and well-executed act appraisals grant a strong motivational impact. Appraisals have the power to motivate employees because they provide a number of incorporated benefits They demonstrate the fate for improvement. If employees dont have a clear understanding of how theyve been performing, they cant be motivated to make any improvements. They meet higher-level psychological needs.Researchers continue to find that credit entry is unmatchable of the close powerful forms of motivation for large numbers of employees. Although you can find numerous possible sources of recognition on the job, proceeding appraisals are an opportunity for employees to receive formal, significant, and enduring recognition from their manager. They build a scent out of per sonal value. When managers take the time and effort to carefully review, analyze, document, and discuss performance with employees, the underlying message to the employees is that theyre important and valuable, and this alone is quite rewarding, whether the feedback is positive or not.They enhance personal development. Performance evaluations are motivational for employees who are looking to enhance their personal learning, growth, and development. Appraisals are a highly valuable source of information, insights, and tools necessity for such progress. Performance appraisals are similarly motivational for employees whose needs are centered on achievement, goal attainment, and sensing personal effectiveness, respect, and trust. They turn employees around. When employees are performing poorly, performance appraisals can provide the wakeup call that they need to get refocused and reenergized.With performance appraisal, however, the purpose of the session is not strictly disciplinary, s o the employee is more likely to paseo in with a more receptive and open mind. As a result, your comments regarding an employees questionable performance have an excellent chance of being heard and generating action as a result. They increase satisfaction. When performance appraisals meet the employees needs in such areas as gaining recognition, sensing achievement and competence, experiencing growth, and meeting objectives, theyre in addition contributing to the employees job satisfaction, and this is one of the most important elements at work today.When employees are satisfied, some of the most visible indicators are reduced turnover, absenteeism, and tardiness. On the flip side, when employees are subjected to a shoddy or regular nonexistent performance appraisal system, the opportunities to fulfill these higher-level employee needs are substantially reduced. How to Use Performance Appraisals to Motivate Employees By Ken Lloyd from Performance Appraisals and Phrases For Dummie s http//www. dummies. com/how-to/content/how-to-use-performance-appraisals-to-motivate-empl. html

Labor Relations Essay

In retreading information pertaining to diligence unions, there is a plethora of information or so unions in the transportation indus quiz. One of the most widely known unions is the team upster unions, which deals with truckers. Labor unions and issues with automotive industriousness be often seen in the media. The newest transportation industry in Ameri scum bag history is the respiratory tract industry. As the newest transportation industry that is still vital to American comfort, convenience, and commercial, the airline industry is ripe for workers to organize and charter a greater piece of the profits from operations.In this essay, an effort will be made to review this fraternity in regards to labor dealing. Companys stance toward Labor Delta Airlines was founded by C. E. Woolman, an agriculture citation agent (Anthony, Kacmar, & Perrewe, 2010). C. E Woolman was not a banker, venture capitalist or war pilot, as legion(predicate) a(prenominal) of the competing airlin es were. He didnt live with the aggressive military style that many of the former(a) airline founders had. What C. E. Woolman instil lead deep down the engrossees at every(prenominal) levels of the organization is that good deal field of study and should be treated fairly and equitably.This philosophy led Delta Airlines to be the leader in customer service from the companys inception through the many mergers over the years. Through the difficult financial times when opposite airlines were laying off employees and filing for bankruptcy, Delta continue to pay their raft well and keep them employed. There was an exception during the Ronald Allen CEO era of 1987 thru 1997. Human relations took a significant down turn during his tenure as CEO, especially during 1993 and 1994, but Delta decided to disrupt ways with Allen and began repairing those fragile bloods with its employees.Delta Airlines still focuses on the human relations factor and has been able to repair the relation ship with its employees they believe it is their key to success. Despite the corporate culture to take c be of its employees, a number of Delta employee departments atomic number 18 unionizing. They feel as though that piece is not being distributed justly. Formulate a strategy for negotiating a labor addment Human behavior dictates that there will be problems. As a company starts making m angiotensin converting enzymey, there is always a desire by the employees to acquire to a greater extent than of the profit.On the other hand, management has a desire to retain as much of the profit to be generated to investors and to receive bonuses for their supposedly wise byplay practices. When one group wants more and another wants to retain, there will be involution. And this is exactly what is happening at Delta Airline, as well as among many industries in the transportation arena. Employees, seeking to gull an upper hand threaten to strike however, management must be willing to add ress the matter through dialogue. The Negotiation ProcessFisher and Ury recommend conducting dialogues according to the process of formulad negotiation. Their method has quaternary main tenets 1. Separate the people from the problem. The idea should be for both sides to work together to attack a problem, rather than attacking each other. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to overcome emotional responses and set digression egos. 2. focalise on interests rather than positions. The natural tendency in many negotiationsfor example, dickering over the price to be paying(a) for an antiqueis for both sides to state a position and then move toward middle ground.Fisher and Ury inform against confusing peoples stated positions with their underlying interests, and claim that positions often tend to obscure what people truly hope to gain through negotiation. 3. Generate a variety of options before deciding what to do. The embrace involved in any type of negotiation tends to narrow p eoples vision and inhibit their creativity, making it difficult to find optimal solutions to problems. Instead, Fisher and Ury suggest developing a wide ambit of possible solutions as part of the negotiating process.These possible solutions should attempt to advance shared interests and reconcile differences. 4. Base the moment on objective criteria. No one will be happy with the pull up stakes of a negotiation if they feel that they have been taken proceeds of. The solution is to find and apply some fair pattern to the problem in order to guarantee a mutually beneficial result. Fisher and Urys principles provide a good overall guide for the certain negotiation process. In his book, Nierenberg offered a number of other tips and strategies that whitethorn be effective in promoting successful negotiations.For example, it may be helpful to ask questions in order to form a better understanding of the needs and interests of the other side. The questions must be phrased diplomatic ally and timed correctly in order to avoid an antagonistic response. The idea is to gain information and get out basic assumptions without immediately taking positions. Nierenberg stressed the importance of listening carefully to the other sides responses, as well as studying their facial expressions and body language, in order to gain role information.Nierenberg noted that good negotiators will employ a variety of means to accomplish their objectives. Small personal line of credit owners should be aware of some of the more common strategies and techniques that they may see others apply or may wish to apply themselves. One common strategy is forbearance, or patience pays, which covers any sort of take care or delay in negotiations. If one side wishes to confer in private, or adjourn briefly, they are employing a strategy of forbearance. Another common strategy is to present a fait accompli, or come to a final offer and leave it up to the other side to decide whether to accept it .In a simple example, a small business owner may scratch out one formulation in a contract that he or she finds unacceptable, then sign it and send it back. The other caller to the contract then must decide whether to accept the revised agreement. Nierenberg warns that this strategy can be risky, and encourages those who employ it to carefully appraise the consequences first. Another possible negotiating strategy is reversal, which involves taking a position that seems opposed to the airplane pilot one. Similarly, feinting involves apparently moving in one direction in order to ivert attention from the true goal.For example, a negotiator may give in on a particular that is not actually grievous in order to make the real objective more attainable. Another strategy involves setting limits on the negotiation, whether with regards to time, the people involved, or other factors. It is also possible to change the participation in the negotiation if it seems to be at an impasse. For example, a neutral third party may be enlisted to help, or one or two people from each side may be sent off to continue the negotiation separately.It may also be helpful to break down the problem into small pieces and tackle them one by one. Another strategy might be to trade sides for a short time and try to view the situation from each others perspective. All of these techniques may be applied each to gain advantage or to push forward a negotiation that has apparently reached an impasse. Analyze the principle sparing and administrative issues The airline industry is a fast growing sector demonstrating a very strong growth rate. It is associated with a number of social and economic benefits and is a growing contributor to the world-wide inventory (Whitelegg, 2000).Business cycles have a wide reaching restore on the airline industry during recession, air kick the bucket was considered a luxury and therefore spending is cut which leads to reduced prices. The industry creates its impact not just by providing direct employment, but also through the creation of opportunities throughout the travel and hospitality sector of the economy. Jobs in hotels, resorts, restaurants and car rental agencies are all impacted by the airline industry (Global Airline Industry Program, 2011).The airline industry itself is a major economic force, both in terms of its own operations and its impacts on related industries much(prenominal) as aircraft manufacturing and tourism. There are some industries that create the amount and intensity of attention that airlines receive, not only among its participants but from government policy makers and the media as well. The crucial issues on the table vary depending on whether the person is in management or is a worker. For management, the key to retain as much money as possible, while for the workers the goal is to obtain more of the profit.Thus, in management, the argument would be made to show how much money is used to provide employe e insurances and benefits, reinvest in equipment and aircraft, general property and liability. On top of that, investors must be repaid. For the employee or worker, this is a stressful milieu where the employee needs to be compensated for his work-related stress. Employee paid benefits continues to decrease, and the employee is forced to pay a disproportionate share. Thus, the employee needs more money just to live at a sustainable level.Recommend policies and procedures to administer a labor contract and resolve disputes. It is of utmost importance to resolve conflict expeditiously and justly for all parties involved. Thus, I would recommend the following policies as a means to resolve disputes When a team oversteps the mark of profound difference of opinion, resolving conflict requires respect and patience. The human experience of conflict involves our emotions, perceptions, and actions we experience it on all three levels, and we need to address all three levels to resolve it. We must replace the negative experiences with corroboratory ones.Acknowledge the conflict The conflict has to be acknowledged before it can be managed and resolved. The tendency is for people to ignore the first signs of conflict, perhaps as it seems trivial, or is difficult to differentiate from the normal, healthy debate that teams can thrive on. If you are concerned active the conflict in your team, wrangle it with other members. Once the team recognizes the issue, it can start the process of response. Discuss the impact As a team, discuss the impact the conflict is having on team dynamics and performance. Agree to a cooperative process Everyone involved must agree to cooperate in to resolve the conflict. This means putting the team first, and may involve setting aside your opinion or ideas for the time being. If someone wants to win more than he or she wants to resolve the conflict, you may find yourself at a stalemate. Agree to communicate The most important thing throu ghout the resolution process is for everyone to keep communications open. The people involved need to talk about the issue and discuss their strong feelings. Active listening is essential here because to move on you eed to really understand where the other person is coming from. Determine the most likely interest dispute and determine how you could supplement economic pressure to help resolve that dispute. There is no way to overstate the role supplement plays when it comes to achieving good settlements. Leverage is defined as positional advantage the power to act effectively strategic advantage. Stated more simply, your leverage is whatever power you have (Cory, 2011). Leverage is usually more about situational advantage than objective strength or power.For example, a single individual or small business may have few resources relative to a large corporation but still have situational advantage by virtue of being able to compel the larger corporation to place and resolving powe r in a favorable venue. Likewise even when there is a legitimate claim which could result in a significant loss to the defendant, if the complainant does not have the resources or the fortitude to check the course, then the defendant has the situational advantage by virtue of being able to delay and wait the plaintiff out.Leverage can be real or imagined. Your actual leverage at any point in time is based only on the other sides perception of your leverage (which can obviously differ significantly from the actual facts). There are obviously situations where you have an information advantage, such as when you know about a weakness in your case that is not unless known by the other side. In such a situation you will, perhaps only briefly, appear to have more leverage than you actually do.Likewise, you can be at an information disadvantage such as when you mistakenly think that the other side has a stronger case than they actually do. There are also situations where you mistakenly t hink that your case is stronger than it actually is which occurs when for one reason or another you take for grantedt have all the facts, or when the facts have not been accurately relayed to you. But regardless of your actual leverage, if there is no fear on the other side, you have little if any effective leverage (Cory, 2011).

Causes of Teenage Obesity

One of the offshoots of some of the eating disorders is teenage obesity. obesity is a condition where the fat percentage of a shaver is over 32% for girls and 35% for boys or when the childs corpse weight is over by 20% of their ideal weight according to their height. It is not ineluctably linked to eating disorders, but eating disorders like Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating can be linked to obesity.Also, while obesity can be problem at different stages of life (for example, nonetheless a 7 year old child can classed as fat), most eating disorders are related to the teenage years. Obesity amongst children is one of the growing health concerns for parents across the world and this health happen is growing at an alarming rate. Research indicates that most obese children grow up to be obese adults. There are several factors that lead to obesity. Below are some of the key causes of obesity visible inactivity This is one of the biggest causes of teenage obesity.Associated essay Te enagers and Their Leisure TimeWith teenagers spending most of their time in front of the television, playing computer games or on mobiles with their friends and lack of interest in extra-curricular activities after shallow or college and lack of exercise are some of the key causes of teenage obesity. Bad eating habits another(prenominal) big reason for teenage obesity is bad eating habits. The surge in the consumption of towering fat foods like burgers, chips, fizzy drinks and fries has already been condemned and treated as one of the main causes of child obesity.Genetic Patterns & Family Behaviour Genetic patterns and family behaviours are also important causes of obesity and it is difficult to separate the two. Whilst the fortune of obese parents having obese children is around 30%, it is also true that obese parents often have little eating habits and condone poor family nutrition, resulting in overweight kids. Chemical or hormonal imbalances Another major(ip) reason for obe sity, especially amongst teenagers, is hormonal changes.Teenagers undergo significant hormonal changes as they reach puberty, which could trigger cravings for original foods or over-consumption of food. Lower metabolism Some teenagers have the tendency to retain or conserve body energy and this trait is easily visible from early childhood, where growth milestones in a child calculate to be much quicker than usual. The first two reasons outlined above (lack of physical activity and lack of proper diet) are the primary reasons for obesity amongst teenagers.As parents, you need o take your teenagers obesity bang very seriously and get medical and professional help if you see your child being unable to partake in any sport or physical activity or if school/college politics express concern over their weight or feel that your teenager is overweight. In the book understand Teenage Problems, several tips to deal with teenage obesity have been provided. Along with this the book also to uches upon non-homogeneous eating disorders, which can lead to teenage obesity their causes and tips to solve them.

Mass Hysteria on Salem Witch Trial

What is mass hysteria? Mass hysteria is when well-nigh everybody develops a common fear that often spirals into a panic. The tragic story of the Salem Witch exertion contains mass hysteria back in 1692. In my 2 articles Salem Witch Craft psychometric test and Mass Hysteria in Upstate New York have similar problems. In twain articles I will be explaining how mass hysteria played a key role in both of these issues. In the article Salem Witch Craft Trial it tells the history of the mass hysteria down the whole Salem witch craft trials.The mass hysteria occurred from 1692-1693 and lead to many people dying(p). there were one hundred and forty arrests, nineteen hangings, one rock crushing and several people dying in jail while awaiting their trial. Everything that Salem had was to get rid of their witches in the city. In January 1962 two girls named Elizabeth and Abigail had swing out in church and start writhing on the floor. The doctor was convinced that it was witchcraft.The p astor was asked Who did this and the two daughters said Tituba the slave, Sarah Good a homeless woman and Sarah Osborn. Tituba confess that she was a witch and was order to harm girls. Tituba also told that were more witches in the town of Salem. The two girls start pointing people that could be witches who would spend months set up in jail. everyplace a hundred of Salems prominent people would be incarcerated and suppose witches would visit the girls and badgering them.Overall, nineteen people were hanged, one pressed to death and four others died in prison awaiting trial. What I watch from the articles that the people was scared of witchcraft. After Rev. Parris daughters were hurt, they start to kill people that were supposed to be a witch. Over hundred people were being killed during this time because of witchcraft. The mass hysteria in this article was the fear of having witches in Salem. With that being the mass hysteria a lot of people died.

Analysis of a publicly-traded company Research Paper

Analysis of a publicly- plentyd company - Research study ExampleThe company is a publicly traded company trading in the New York Stock transform downstairs the symbol SBUX. The common stocks of Starbucks coffeehouse were trading at a worth of $52.96 as of celestial latitude 10, 2012 (Yahoo, 2012). The market capitalization of Starbucks Cafe is $39.38 billion. The besotted uses a holistic approach towards the sourcing of its coffee. Starbucks Cafe sources its coffee by fair trade coffee. Fair trade coffee guarantees the farmers a price of at least $1.26 per pound. former(a) benefits that farmers receive in a fair trade coffee arrangement are technology agitate and financing of crops. Customers are more likely to support companies that source coffee using fair trade coffee practices due to the green movement and the tendency of customers of buying from companies that act in a socially responsible manner. The market share of Starbucks in the U.S is 33% of the coffee market (OFar rell, 2012). During the recession the patronage of Starbucks declined because the pray for gourmet coffee is price sensitive. Buying coffee from Starbucks Cafe is considered a luxury by a lot of Ameri rotter buyers. During harsh economic times people tend to be more price conscious. The store has 192,866 employees and 39.66% of its workforce works outside the United States (Cnn, 2012). The employees of the regular are referred too as baristas. The bulletproof believes in the jimmy of diversity in the workplace. Diversity is valued by the managerial staff of the company. The equating that defines diversity at Starbucks Cafe is Diversity = Inclusion + Equity + Accessibility (Starbucks, 2012). The use of diversity can enhance the creativity of the employees and foster an environment in which innovation is a critical component of the supremacy of the enterprise. The customer service of the company has helped the firm differentiate itself from the competition. Starbucks Cafe offers free services to its customers including Wi-Fi inter pull in accessibility. The firm generates an alternate revenue stream through the sale of iTunes. The firm believes a lot in the value of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The CRS program of the firm is comprehensive due to the genuine effort the firm places in helping the community and other stakeholder groups. Starbucks Cafe was named one of the worlds most ethical companies in 2012 for the six year in a row. The firm certifies 75% of all new stores under the LEED green building standard. The firm minimizes the use of water and energy at its stores to save resources and protect the environment. around half of the firms company owned store are powered by renewable energy. The communities in which Starbucks operates are an important stakeholder group for the organization. The firm donated 441,000 community service hours during 2011 (Starbucks, 2012). During fiscal year 2011 Starbucks Cafe generated sales of $11,700 million . The sales of the company increase by 9.27%. The net income of the firm in 2011 was $1,246 million. In the bear two years the companys net income increased by 219%. A firms net margin measures the absolute profitability of the company. The desirable outcome is to have a high net margin. During 2011 the net margin of Starbucks Cafe was 10.65%. The net margin of the company is much higher than the industry add up of 3.8% (Dnb, 2012). The earnings per share and cash dividend per share of the company were $1.66 and $0.56 respectively. The liquidity of the firm is an important aspect of the business that managers must consider. A

No topic need Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No topic need - show Exampleion, it also tries to produce or develop products as per the preferences of the customers so as to enhance their reliability and loyalty within their minds. Only then, the rate of switch over costs of the customers might get reduced thereby enhancing the demand of the product lines of Ford motors.Other than this, in order to take hold the customers for longer plosive speech sound of time, the organization of Ford Motors desire to offer high attention over quality, performance and technical specifications. guardianship this concept of product in mind, the organization of Ford Motors developed Honda Civic GX, which is extremely trendy in design and excellent in all season roads. The development of Honda Civic GX helped the organization of Ford Motors to beguile a wide range of customers thereby amplifying its market share by almost 35 percent among others. However, in order to enhance its selling target, the organization tried to promote the specificat ions of this car such as ultra-high performance, high comfort etc in order to attract the interested customers. This is done in order to plus the demand of the product thereby amplifying the profit margin and brand image of the organization among others. Moreover, as per merchandise concept, the organization of Ford Motors develops the product lines, keeping in mind the requirements and needs of the customers so as to retain its loyalty and reliability.Furthermore, in order to retain the well-being of the society, the organization of Ford Motors developed Honda Civic GX, and promoted it by the name, green car. This clearly shows that, the organization tries to nourish the environment from varied types of green houses gases emitted from the non-renewable fuels.b) In order to protect the market share and profitability, the organization of Ford Motors tried to offer higher concentration over the prices of its products. This is because, upper limit extent of its target customers desi re to attain, high-ended products but at a competitive